Aptitude Tests

Cognitive Test Development

Rizqy Amelia Zein

Departemen Psikologi, Universitas Airlangga

2026-09-23

Agenda

1. Definition of an aptitude test
2. Aptitude test vs. achievement test
3. Two categories of aptitude test
4. Academic Potential Test (TPA)
5. Special aptitude tests
6. Common item formats
7. Activity: classifying TPA items

Achievement Tests vs. Aptitude Tests

Compare

• A final exam in a Statistics course
  • Measures how well students have mastered material that has already been taught.
• An Academic Potential Test (TPA) for admission to a master’s program
  • Measures how likely a prospective student is to succeed in further study, before that study begins.

Both are cognitive tests that measure maximal performance.

The difference: (1) measures learning outcomes that have already occurred, (2) measures the capacity for learning that has not yet occurred. This distinction was introduced in Meeting 1 and today we go deeper into point (2).

Definition of an aptitude test

Definition

An aptitude test is a measurement tool designed to estimate a person’s capacity to learn a particular skill or field in the future (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997).

• An aptitude test does not assume the test-taker has formally studied the material being tested.
• Aptitude test scores are interpreted as predictions of future performance.

Azwar (2019).

Aptitude test vs. achievement test

Comparison

	Aptitude Test	Achievement Test
Measures	Future learning capacity	Mastery of material already taught
Time orientation	Predictive	Retrospective
Dependence on a specific curriculum	Low	High
Example uses	Admissions, job placement	School exams, certification
Quality evaluation criterion	Predictive validity	Content validity

Adapted from Anastasi & Urbina (1997) and Azwar (2019); see also Meeting 1.

The line between the two is not always clear

• An aptitude test still requires a certain amount of prior knowledge as a medium of measurement — a quantitative item, for instance, still uses arithmetic operations the test-taker has already learned.

• Because of this, some experts note that a strong correlation between achievement test scores and aptitude test scores is a case of the jangle fallacy.

  • The names of the tests/constructs differ, but they actually describe the same psychological phenomenon.

• So the difference may lie in the purpose the score is used for: predicting future performance, rather than evaluating past learning outcomes.

Two categories of aptitude test

Academic aptitude tests and special aptitude tests

1. Academic Potential Test (TPA) — measures general cognitive capacity relevant to academic success, not tied to any one specific field of expertise.
2. Special aptitude test — measures capacity in one particular ability domain, such as mechanical ability, clerical ability, or spatial ability.

Academic Potential Test (TPA)

Origins and general structure

• TPA construction in Indonesia follows in part the concept behind the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) in the United States, which divides ability into verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical ability
  • The item format of the analytical component has differed across eras.
  • It relied more on multiple choice (as used on the GRE in the 1980s) when the Indonesian TPA began to be developed, but the current version of the GRE uses a written essay.
• The TPA in Indonesia generally consists of three subtests: Verbal, Quantitative, and Reasoning (Azwar, 2019).

Sample TPA test blueprint

Subtest	Component	Sample indicator
Verbal	Word equivalents, antonyms, word analogies	Identifying pairs of words that share the same meaning relationship
Quantitative	Number series, arithmetic, algebraic concepts	Identifying the underlying principle of a number series
Reasoning	Logical thinking, analytical thinking	Drawing a conclusion from two premises

Blueprint format adapted from the TPA specification-table tradition (Azwar, 2019).

Special aptitude tests

Measuring a single ability domain

• Special aptitude tests are used when the decision being made concerns a single specific field, such as tracking students into vocational school programs or selecting candidates for technical job positions.
• Commonly measured domains include: verbal ability, numerical ability, abstract reasoning, clerical speed, mechanical reasoning, and space relations.
• A battery of aptitude tests measuring several domains at once is called a multiple aptitude battery.
  • Examples: the Differential Aptitude Tests (Bennett, Seashore, & Wesman, 1947) and the General Aptitude Test Battery, both already mentioned in Meeting 1.

Note

The same principle applies to both the TPA and special aptitude tests: the construct being measured must be defined first (Meeting 2), then translated into a blueprint that specifies the proportion of each component.

Anastasi & Urbina (1997).

Common item formats

A few sample formats

• Verbal analogy — “Cow relates to grass, as X relates to Y”.
• Synonym/antonym — choosing a word with the same or opposite meaning.
• Number series — completing a pattern in a sequence of numbers.
• Logical reasoning — drawing a conclusion from given premises.
• Non-verbal figural reasoning — completing a pattern in a sequence of images or shapes.

Sample number-series format

This format is commonly used in the quantitative subtest:

4, 7, 10, 13, …

1. 15　B) 16　C) 17　D) 18

Answer key

The answer is B (16) — the pattern increases by 3 at each term. This example was created purely for illustration, not taken from any actual test, following the same principle used in Meeting 1.

Activity: classifying TPA items

For each sample item below, determine whether it belongs to the Verbal, Quantitative, or Reasoning subtest:

1. “Choose the word most opposite in meaning to the word ‘optimistic’.”
2. “If all A are B, and some B are C, must all A be C?”
3. “Complete the following series: 2, 6, 18, 54, …”

Answer key

1. Verbal. (2) Reasoning. (3) Quantitative.

Summary

1. An aptitude test measures future learning capacity, unlike an achievement test, which measures mastery of material already taught.
2. There are two categories of aptitude test: the Academic Potential Test (TPA) for general cognitive capacity, and special aptitude tests for a single specific ability domain.
3. The TPA in Indonesia generally consists of three subtests — Verbal, Quantitative, and Reasoning — following in part the concept behind the GRE.
4. Special aptitude tests are used for decisions tied to a single specific field, and can be organized as a battery measuring several domains at once.
5. The test-development principles from Meeting 2 still apply: defining the construct and building the blueprint come before writing items.

For Meeting 6

Coming up: intelligence tests

Meeting 6 covers intelligence tests, the third type of cognitive test from Meeting 1, including their historical development and several instruments widely used in Indonesia.

Thank you!😊

Any questions?

• amelia.zein@psikologi.unair.ac.id
• https://rameliaz.github.io/
• @rameliaz
• @rameliaz
• @rameliaz

These slides were prepared using and Quarto with a template from UNAIR Theme.

References

Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing (7th ed.). Prentice Hall.

Azwar, S. (2019). Konstruksi tes: Kemampuan kognitif. Pustaka Pelajar.

Bennett, G. K., Seashore, H. G., & Wesman, A. G. (1947). Differential aptitude tests. Psychological Corporation.